The effect of 10 weeks of karate training on the development of motor skills in children who are new to karate.

This study investigated the effect of a 10-week karate training program on the motor skill development of 5-7-year-old children new to karate with two different test batteries. A total of 28 participants were included in the study: 18 in the Karate group and 10 in the control group. The karate group was subjected to a fundamental karate training (kihon) program consisting of 90-minute sessions four days a week for ten weeks in addition to physical education classes at their schools. In contrast, the control group did not participate in any sportive activities except physical education classes in their schools. Data were collected using the Eurofit test battery and the TGMD-2 test. In the pre-post test comparison of the anthropometric measurements of the karate group, no significant difference was found in the control group. In contrast, a significant difference was obtained in height, body mass index, and body fat percentage. In the post-test analysis of the two independent groups, there were statistically significant differences in favor of the karate group regarding height and body fat percentage (p < 0.005). In the pre-post analysis of the Eurofit test and the TGMD-2 for the karate group, all parameters showed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.001), while the control group showed no statistical difference. After comparing the karate and control groups, the Eurofit Test and TGMD-2 post-test results showed significantly higher scores (statistically significant differences) in all parameters for the karate group. In conclusion, the study shows that the 10-week karate training program positively affected the motor development of the participating children.

The effect of fatigue on shooting accuracy in basketball: Does performance change after fatigue as age increases? / El efecto de la fatiga en la precisión de tiro en el baloncesto: ¿Cambia el rendimiento después de la fatiga a medida que aumenta la edad?

The aims of this research were (a) to examine the effect of fatigue on shooting accuracy and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in basketball, and (b) to compare the shooting accuracy and RPE after fatigue between age categories. 89 male basketball players from different age categories participated in the research. The 20 m shuttle run test was applied to create fatigue. RPE and shooting accuracy were measured before and after fatigue protocol. While there was no significant difference in shooting accuracy before and after fatigue in all age categories, RPE was significantly higher. Shooting accuracy quantitatively increased with age before fatigue (except U14). Shooting accuracy after fatigue was significantly different between the groups. As a result; although shuttle run was perceived as “hard-very hard” difficulty in basketball players, it did not create a fatigue that would significantly affect shooting accuracy. However, it was determined that the shooting accuracy after fatigue changed with increasing age. Therefore, this research presents important findings in terms of determining the age categories in which fatigue affects shooting performance in basketball. (AU)

Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron (a) examinar el efecto de la fatiga en la precisión del tiro y el índice de esfuerzo percibido (RPE) en baloncesto, y (b) comparar la precisión del tiro y el RPE después de la fatiga entre categorías de edad. Participaron en la investigación 89 jugadores masculinos de baloncesto de diferentes categorías de edad. Se aplicó la prueba de carrera de ida y vuelta de 20 m para crear fatiga. El RPE y la precisión de tiro se midieron antes y después del protocolo de fatiga. El RPE fue significativamente mayor, aunque no hubo una diferencia significativa en la precisión de tiro antes y después de la fatiga en todas las categorías de edad. La precisión de tiro aumentó cuantitativamente con la edad antes de la fatiga (excepto U14). La precisión de tiro después de la fatiga fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos. Como resultado; aunque la carrera de ida y vuelta se percibía como una dificultad "difícil-muy difícil" en los jugadores de baloncesto, no creaba una fatiga que afectara significativamente la precisión del tiro. Sin embargo, se determinó que la precisión de tiro después de la fatiga cambiaba con el aumento de la edad. Por lo tanto, esta investigación presenta hallazgos importantes en términos de determinar las categorías de edad en las que la fatiga afecta el rendimiento de tiro en baloncesto. (AU)

Examination of basic motor skills in children and adolescents.

Aim of the study: The aim of this study was the investigation of basic motor skills in 5-14-year-old boys and girls. Materials and Methods: A total of 842 primary school children, 421 boys and 421 girls, participated in the study. 13.3% of the participants were 5-6 years old, 29.5% were 7-8 years old, 21.5% were 9-10 years old, 16.4% were 11-12, and 19.4% were 13-14 years old. The balance skills of the participants were measured with the (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder) KTK test. Findings: When the classification of children according to KTK defining classes is examined, 40.7% are very good. When the children's KTK Backward Balancing scores were examined, a statistically significant difference was found between gender and age groups (p < 0.05). Girls between the ages of 5-6 and 7-8 years had a higher score for KTK backward balance. KTK Total scores were examined according to the Body Mass Index groups, when the total scores of KTK were compared, the lowest scores were in the obese group. Conclusion: According to the study results, age is an essential factor for balance skills. As the age increased, the overall scores of the KTK increased. It was determined that girls' KTK backward balancing scores were higher than boys. According to BMI results, the balance performances of obese children were found to be lower than the other groups. This difference can be explained by the negative effect of obesity in this age group. According to these results, it may be recommended to observe and improve the balance performances of obese children.

Effect of 6-week karate (kihon) and basic movement exercise on balance performance in visually impaired individuals.

Today, the participation of visually impaired individuals in sports activities is essential. Because the ability to move independently starts to develop with a delay in visually impaired individuals, physical activity is necessary to compensate for developmental delay, eliminate the problem of independent movement in social life by reducing obstacle perception problems, develop self-confidence, and provide regular muscle activation and motivation to move. The study investigated the effect of 6 weeks of karate (kihon) and basic movement training on balance performance in individuals with congenital visual impairment. Fifteen visually impaired individuals aged between 10 and 14 participated in the study, and three groups were formed: experiment 1, experiment 2, and the control group. After the pre-tests were taken, the experimental groups received karate and basic movement training in addition to physical education classes for 6 weeks, while the control group received only physical education classes. When the study results were examined, there were highly significant differences between the pre- and post-test values of the groups receiving karate and basic movement training. At the same time, no progress was observed in the control group. In the post-test comparison of the karate and control groups, positive significance was found in the values of the karate group. In the same way, in the post-test comparison of the basic movement training group and the control group, positive progress was made in the basic movement training group. The post-test comparison of the basic movement training and karate groups was the same. As a result, it was concluded that basic movement training and karate exercises applied for 6 weeks positively affected the balance development in visually impaired individuals aged 10-14 years. No difference was found between the exercise protocols regarding effectiveness, and no improvement was observed in individuals who did not participate in any exercise.